upply line to the coast, and forcing them to barricade themselves among the ruins of ancient city. Months passed, but no reinforcements arrived. Montejo the Younger attempted an all-out assault against the Maya and lost 150 of his remaining forces. He was forced to abandon Chich�n Itz� in 1534 under cover of darkness. By 1535, all Spanish had been driven from the Yucat�n Peninsula.
Montejo eventually returned to Yucat�n and, by recruiting Maya from Campeche and Champoton, built a large Indio-Spanish army and conquered the peninsula. The Spanish crown later issued a land grant that included Chichen Itza and by 1588 it was a working cattle ranch.
Modern history
Chichen Itza entered the popular imagination in 1843 with the book Incidents of Travel in Yucatan by John Lloyd Stephens (with illustrations by Frederick Catherwood). The book recounted Stephens� visit to Yucat�n and his tour of Maya cities, including Chich�n Itz�. The book prompted other explorations of the city. In 1860, Desire Charnay surveyed Chich�n Itz� and took numerous photographs that he published in Cit�s et ruines am�ricaines (1863).
In 1875, Augustus Le Plongeon and his wife Alice Dixon Le Plongeon visited Chich�n, and excavated a statue of a figure on its back, knees drawn up, and upper torso raised on its elbows with a plate on its stomach. Augustus Le Plongeon called it �Chaacmol� (later renamed �Chac Mool,� which has been the term to describe all types of this statuary found in Mesoamerica). Teobert Maler and Alfred Maudslay explored Chich�n in the 1880s and both spent several weeks at the site and took extensive photographs. Maudslay published the first long-form description of Chichen Itza in his book, Biologia Centrali-Americana.
In 1894 the United States Consul to Yucat�n, Edward Herbert Thompson purchased the Hacienda Chich�n, which included the ruins of Chichen Itza. For 30 years, Thompson explored the ancient city. His discoveries included the
