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History of Mid-Baja


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The first people came to the peninsula at least 11,000 years ago. At that time two main native groups are thought to have been present on the peninsula. In the south were the Cochim�. In the north were several groups belonging to the Yuman language family, including the Kiliwa, Paipai, Kumeyaay, Cocopa, and Quechan. These peoples were diverse in their adaptations to the region. The Cochim� of the peninsula's Central Desert were generalized hunter-gatherers who moved frequently; however, the Cochim� on Cedros Island off the west coast had developed a strongly maritime economy. The Kiliwa, Paipai, and Kumeyaay in the better-watered northwest were also hunter-gatherers, but that region supported denser populations and a more sedentary lifestyle. The Cocopa and Quechan of northeastern Baja California practiced agriculture in the floodplain of the lower Colorado River.

Europeans reached the present state of Baja California in 1539, when Francisco de Ulloa reconnoitered its east coast on the Gulf of California and explored the peninsula's west coast at least as far north as Cedros Island. Hernando de Alarc�n returned to the east coast and ascended the lower Colorado River in 1540, and Juan Rodr�guez Cabrillo (or Joan Rodrigues Cabrilho (Portuguese)) completed the reconnaissance of the west coast in 1542. Sebasti�n Vizca�no again surveyed the west coast in 1602, but outside visitors during the following century were few.

The Jesuits founded a permanent mission colony on the peninsula at Loreto in 1697. During the following decades, they gradually extended their sway throughout the present state of Baja California Sur. In 1751�1753, the Croatian Jesuit mission-explorer Ferdinand Kon�?ak made overland explorations northward into the state of Baja California. Jesuit missions were subsequently established among the Cochim� at Santa Gertrudis (1752), San Borja (1762), and Santa Mar�a (1767).

After the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1768, the short-lived
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