empire. Ujjain is considered to be the traditional capital of King Chandragupta II, also known as Vikramaditya, at whose court the nine poets known as the navaratna (nine jewels) of Sanskrit literature are said to have flourished.
In the 10th and 11th centuries, Ujjain was a major centre of mathematical and astronomical research. The famous mathematicians who worked there included: Brahmagupta, whose book Brahmasphutasiddhanta was responsible for spreading the use of zero, negative numbers and the positional number system to Arabia and Cambodia; Varahamihira, who was the first to discover many trigonometric identities; and Bhaskaracharya, or Bhaskara II, whose book Lilavati broke new ground in many areas of mathematics.
Ujjain was invaded by the forces of the Delhi Sultanate led by Iltutmish in 1235. Under the Mughal emperor Akbar it became the capital of Malwa.
During the last half of the 18th century Ujjain was the headquarters of the Maratha leader Scindia. Shinde Dynasty (Scindias)were responsible for the development and progress of Malwa and Braj area of Northen India. Nemaji Shinde, Shrimant Ranojirao Shinde, Shambhuraje Shinde (Sabaji), Jayaajirao (I) also known as Jayappa dadasaheb Shinde , Dattajirao Shinde, Jyotiba Shinde, Tukajirao Shinde, SHREENATH MADHAVJI SHINDE - THE GREAT, Jankojirao (II), Anandrao Shinde, Kedarji Shinde, Manaji Shinde, Daulatrao Shinde, Shrimant Maharani Bayzabai Raje Shinde, Jankoji (III), Maharani Shrimant Tarabai Raje, Shrimant Jayajirao (II) were the rulers who during their regime developed the city.
Shrimant Ranoji Shinde (1731-1745 AD) made many of the temples and ghats which are worshipped today also. That includes
1. Jyotirlingam Shri Mahakaaleshwar Mandir
2. Ram Ghat
3. Mangalnath mandir
4. Harsidhdhi Mandir
5. Sidhha Vat Ghat
The present structure of Jyotirlingam Shree Mahakaaleshwar Mandir was built by the Srimant Raanojirao Shinde Maharaj Scindias in
