The first ten years of the 16th century marked the beginning of a war of conquest of Europeans (Portuguese colonists) against the indigenous peoples who inhabited the area of the city. Waves of European immigrants started arriving after 1850, mainly Germans, Italians, Poles and Ukrainians In 1853, the south and southwest of the province of Sao Paulo were separated, forming the new province of Parana, and Curitiba became its capital
Curitiba in 1820 received a visit from a French scholar, savant Augustin Saint-Hilaire, who was stunned by the city.
During the 20th century, especially after 1950, the city rapidly increased in population and consolidated its position as a regional hub for trade and services, becoming one of the richest cities in Brazil and a pioneer in urban solutions. In the 1940s and 1950s, Alfred Agache, co-founder of the French Society for Urban Studies, was hired to produce the first city plan. It emphasised a "star" of boulevards, with public amenities downtown, an industrial district and sanitation. It was followed when possible, but was too expensive to complete.
From March 24 to 27, 1969, Curitiba was the capital of Brazil. The government of the Federative Republic of Brazil was settled in the Iguacu palace under the presidency of Marshal Arthur da Costa e Silva
